The never-before-seen scenario suggests that stellar demolition derby births powerful gamma-ray burst signals a new way to destroy a star
While searching for the origins of a powerful gamma-ray burst (GRB), an international team of astrophysicists may have stumbled upon a new way to destroy a star.
Although most GRBs originate from exploding massive stars or neutron-star mergers, the researchers concluded that GRB 191019A instead came from the collision of stars or stellar remnants in the jam-packed environment surrounding a supermassive black hole at the core of an ancient galaxy.
The demolition derby-like environment points to a long-hypothesised — but never-before-seen — way to demolish a star and generate a GRB.
Led by Radboud University in the Netherlands, the research team included astronomers from Northwestern University, USA.
Northwestern astrophysicist and study co-author Wen-fai Fong said: “For every hundred events that fit into the traditional classification scheme of gamma-ray bursts, there is at least one oddball that throws us for a loop.
“However, it is these oddballs that tell us the most about the spectacular diversity of explosions that the universe is capable of.”
Another Northwestern astrophysicist and study co-author, Giacomo Fragione, added: “The discovery of these extraordinary phenomena within dense stellar systems, especially those encircling supermassive black holes at the cores of galaxies, is undeniably exciting.
“This remarkable discovery grants us a tantalising glimpse into the intricate dynamics at work within these cosmic environments, establishing them as factories of events that would otherwise be deemed impossible.”
Fong is an assistant professor of physics and astronomy at Northwestern’s Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences and a member of the Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA).
Fragione is a research assistant professor in CIERA. Other Northwestern co-authors include Anya Nugent and Jillian Rastinejad — both PhD students in astronomy and members of Fong’s research group.
- Astronomers detect ‘oddball’ gamma-ray burst
- Chemical evidence for pair-instability supernova from a very massive first star
- VLBA finds classical novae are anything but simple
- First gamma-ray eclipses from ‘spider’ star systems detected
A fourth option
Most stars die, according to their mass, in one of three predictable ways.
When relatively low-mass stars like our sun reach old age, they shed their outer layers, eventually fading to become white dwarf stars.
More massive stars, on the other hand, burn brighter and explode faster in cataclysmic supernovae explosions, creating ultra-dense objects like neutron stars and black holes.
The third scenario occurs when two such stellar remnants form a binary system and eventually collide.
But the new study finds there might be a fourth option.
Lead author Andrew Levan, an astronomer with Radboud University, said: “Our results show that stars can meet their demise in some of the densest regions of the universe, where they can be driven to collide.
“This is exciting for understanding how stars die and for answering other questions, such as what unexpected sources might create gravitational waves that we could detect on Earth.”
Long past their star-forming prime, ancient galaxies have few, if any, remaining massive stars.
Their cores, however, teem with stars and a menagerie of ultra-dense stellar remnants, such as white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes.
Astronomers have long suspected that in the turbulent beehive of activity surrounding a supermassive black hole, it only would be a matter of time before two stellar objects collided to produce a GRB.
But evidence for that type of merger has remained elusive.
On 19th October, 2019, astronomers glimpsed the first hints of such an event when NASA’s Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory detected a bright flash of gamma rays that lasted a little over one minute.
Any GRB lasting longer than two seconds is considered ‘long’. Such bursts typically come from the collapse of stars at least ten times the mass of our sun.
The researchers then used the Gemini South telescope in Chile – part of the International Gemini Observatory operated by the National Science Foundation’s NOIRLab – to make long-term observations of the GRB’s fading afterglow.
These observations enabled the astronomers to pinpoint the location of the GRB to a region less than 100 light-years from the nucleus of an ancient galaxy – very near the galaxy’s supermassive black hole.
Lack of a supernova
Curiously, the researchers also found no evidence of a corresponding supernova, which would leave its imprint on the light captured by Gemini South.
Rastinejad, who performed calculations to ensure a supernova was not hiding within the data, said: “The lack of a supernova accompanying the long GRB 191019A tells us that this burst is not a typical massive star collapse.
“The location of GRB 191019A, embedded in the nucleus of the host galaxy, teases a predicted but not yet evidenced theory for how gravitational wave-emitting sources might form.”
In typical galactic environments, the production of long GRBs from colliding stellar remnants, such as neutron stars and black holes, is incredibly rare.
The cores of ancient galaxies, however, are anything but typical, and there may be a million or more stars crammed into a region just a few light-years across.
Such extreme population density may be great enough that occasional stellar collisions can occur, especially under the titanic gravitational influence of a supermassive black hole, which would perturb the motions of stars and send them careening in random directions.
Eventually, these wayward stars would intersect and merge, triggering a titanic explosion that could be observed from vast cosmic distances.
Nugent, who performed crucial modelling of the host galaxy, said: “This event confounds almost every expectation we have for the environments of short and long GRBs.
“While long GRBs are never found in galaxies as old and dead as GRB 191019A’s host, short GRBs, with their merger origins, have not been observed to be so connected to their hosts’ nuclei.
“The discovery of this event in the core of its old, quiescent galaxy opens the door to promising new avenues for the formation of binary systems that have rarely been observed before.”
It is possible that such events occur routinely in similarly crowded regions across the universe but have gone unnoticed until this point.
A possible reason for their obscurity is that galactic centres are brimming with dust and gas, which could obscure both the initial flash of the GRB and the resulting afterglow.
GRB 191019A may be a rare exception, allowing astronomers to detect the burst and study its aftereffects.
The study is published in Nature Astronomy.
Image: Artistic illustration of a gamma-ray burst. Credit: International Gemini Observatory/ NOIRLab/ NSF/ AURA/ M Garlick/M Zamani.
