Cut marks on a fossil leg bone belonging to a relative of modern humans were made by stone tools and could be evidence of cannibalism
Researchers from the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History have identified the oldest decisive evidence of humans’ close evolutionary relatives butchering and likely eating one another.
In a new study National Museum of Natural History paleoanthropologist Briana Pobiner and her co-authors describe nine cut marks on a 1.45 million-year-old left shin bone from a relative of Homo sapiens found in northern Kenya.
Analysis of 3D models of the fossil’s surface revealed that the cut marks were dead ringers for the damage inflicted by stone tools.
This is the oldest instance of this behaviour known with a high degree of confidence and specificity.
Pobiner said: “The information we have tells us that hominins were likely eating other hominins at least 1.45 million years ago.
“There are numerous other examples of species from the human evolutionary tree consuming each other for nutrition, but this fossil suggests that our species’ relatives were eating each other to survive further into the past than we recognised.”
Evidence of butchery
Pobiner first encountered the fossilised tibia, or shin bone, in the collections of the National Museums of Kenya’s Nairobi National Museum while looking for clues about which prehistoric predators might have been hunting and eating humans’ ancient relatives.
With a handheld magnifying lens, Pobiner pored over the tibia looking for bite marks from extinct beasts when she instead noticed what immediately looked to her like evidence of butchery.
To figure out if what she was seeing on the surface of this fossil were indeed cut marks, Pobiner sent molds of the cuts – made with the same material dentists use to create impressions of teeth – to co-author Michael Pante of Colorado State University.
She provided Pante with no details about what he was being sent, simply asking him to analyse the marks on the molds and tell her what made them.
Pante created 3D scans of the molds and compared the shape of the marks to a database of 898 individual tooth, butchery and trample marks created through controlled experiments.
The analysis positively identified nine of the 11 marks as clear matches for the type of damage inflicted by stone tools.
The other two marks were likely bite marks from a big cat, with a lion being the closest match.
According to Pobiner, the bite marks could have come from one of the three different types of sabre-tooth cats prowling the landscape at the time the owner of this shin bone was alive.
Nutrition not ritual
By themselves, the cut marks do not prove that the human relative who inflicted them also made a meal out of the leg, but Pobiner said this seems to be the most likely scenario.
She explained that the cut marks are located where a calf muscle would have attached to the bone – a good place to cut if the goal is to remove a chunk of flesh.
The cut marks are also all oriented the same way, such that a hand wielding a stone tool could have made them all in succession without changing grip or adjusting the angle of attack.
Pobiner said: “These cut marks look very similar to what I’ve seen on animal fossils that were being processed for consumption.
“It seems most likely that the meat from this leg was eaten and that it was eaten for nutrition as opposed to for a ritual.”
While this case may appear to be cannibalism to a casual observer, Pobiner said there is not enough evidence to make that determination because cannibalism requires that the eater and the eaten hail from the same species.
Prehistoric cannibalism?
The fossil shin bone was initially identified as Australopithecus boisei and then in 1990 as Homo erectus, but today, experts agree that there is not enough information to assign the specimen to a particular species of hominin.
The use of stone tools also does not narrow down which species might have been doing the cutting.
Recent research from Rick Potts, the National Museum of Natural History’s Peter Buck Chair of Human Origins, further called into question the once-common assumption that only one genus, Homo, made and used stone tools.
So, this fossil could be a trace of prehistoric cannibalism, but it is also possible this was a case of one species chowing down on its evolutionary cousin.
None of the stone-tool cut marks overlap with the two bite marks, which makes it hard to infer anything about the order of events that took place.
For instance, a big cat may have scavenged the remains after hominins removed most of the meat from the leg bone.
It is equally possible that a big cat killed an unlucky hominin and then was chased off or scurried away before opportunistic hominins took over the kill.
The study is published in Scientific Reports.
Image 1: Nine marks identified as cut marks (mark numbers 1–4 and 7–11) and two identified as tooth marks (mark numbers 5 and 6) based on comparison with 898 known bone surface modifications. Scale = 1cm. Analysis of 3D models of the fossil’s surface revealed that the cut marks were dead ringers for the damage inflicted by stone tools.
Image 2: View of the hominin tibia and magnified area that shows cut marks. Scale = 4cm. Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History paleoanthropologist Briana Pobiner and her co-authors describe nine cut marks on a 1.45 million-year-old left shin bone from a relative of Homo sapiens found in northern Kenya.
Both images: Credit: Jennifer Clark.
