A new ‘camera’ with a shutter speed of one trillionth of a second can see through the dynamic disorder of atoms
Speeding up a camera shutter a million million (one trillion) times enables researchers to understand how materials move heat around and, say the researchers, is a major step in advancing sustainable energy applications.
Researchers are coming to understand that the best-performing materials in sustainable energy applications, such as converting sunlight or waste heat to electricity, often use collective fluctuations of clusters of atoms within a much larger structure. This process is often referred to as ‘dynamic disorder’.
Understanding dynamic disorder in materials could lead to more energy-efficient thermoelectric devices, such as solid-state refrigerators and heat pumps, and also to better recovery of useful energy from waste heat, such as car exhausts and power station exhausts, by converting it directly to electricity.
A thermoelectric device was able to take heat from radioactive plutonium and convert it to electricity to power the Mars Rover when there was not enough sunlight.
When materials function inside an operating device, they can behave as if they are alive and dancing – parts of the material respond and change in amazing and unexpected ways.
This dynamic disorder is difficult to study because the clusters are not only so small and disordered, but they also fluctuate in time.
In addition, there is ‘boring’ non-fluctuating disorder in materials that researchers aren’t interested in because the disorder doesn’t improve properties.
Until now, it has been impossible to see the relevant dynamic disorder from the background of less relevant static disorder.
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A new kind of ‘camera’
Researchers at Columbia Engineering and Université de Bourgogne report that they have developed a new kind of ‘camera’ that can see the local disorder.
Its key feature is a variable shutter speed; because the disordered atomic clusters are moving, when the team used a slow shutter, the dynamic disorder blurred out, but when they used a fast shutter, they could see it.
The new method, which they call variable shutter PDF or vsPDF (for atomic pair distribution function), doesn’t work like a conventional camera – it uses neutrons from a source at the US Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to measure atomic positions with a shutter speed of around one picosecond, or a trillion times faster than normal camera shutters.
Simon Billinge, professor of materials science and applied physics and applied mathematics, said: “It’s only with this new vsPDF tool that we can really see this side of materials. It gives us a whole new way to untangle the complexities of what is going on in complex materials, hidden effects that can supercharge their properties.
“With this technique, we’ll be able to watch a material and see which atoms are in the dance and which are sitting it out.”
New theory
The vsPDF tool enabled the researchers to find atomic symmetries being broken in GeTe, an important material for thermoelectricity that converts waste heat to electricity (or electricity into cooling).
They hadn’t previously been able to see the displacements, or to show the dynamic fluctuations and how quickly they fluctuated.
As a result of the insights from vsPDF, the team developed a new theory that shows just how such local fluctuations can form in GeTe and related materials.
Such a mechanistic understanding of the dance will help researchers to look for new materials with these effects and to apply external forces to influence the effect, leading to even better materials.
Billinge is now working on making his technique easier to use for the research community and applying it to other systems with dynamic disorder.
At the moment, the technique is not turn-key, but with further development, it should become a much more standard measurement that could be used on many material systems where atomic dynamics are important, from watching lithium moving around in battery electrodes to studying dynamic processes during water-splitting with sunlight.
The study is published in Nature Materials.
Image: At slow shutter speeds, the atomic structure of GeTE looks ordered but blurred. Faster exposures reveal a clear intricate pattern of dynamic displacements. © Jill Hemman/ ORNL, US Department of Energy.
