The first batch of data from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument is now available for researchers to mine
Taken during the experiment’s ‘survey validation’ phase, the data include distant galaxies and quasars as well as stars in our own Milky Way.
The universe is big, and it’s getting bigger. To study dark energy, the mysterious force behind the accelerating expansion of our universe, scientists are using the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) to map more than 40 million galaxies, quasars, and stars.
Today, the collaboration publicly released its first batch of data, with nearly two million objects for researchers to explore.
The 80-terabyte data set comes from 2,480 exposures taken over six months during the experiment’s ‘survey validation’ phase in 2020 and 2021.
In this period between turning the instrument on and beginning the official science run, researchers made sure their plan for using the telescope would meet their science goals – for example, by checking how long it took to observe galaxies of different brightness, and by validating the selection of stars and galaxies to observe.
Nathalie Palanque-Delabrouille, co-spokesperson for DESI and a scientist at the Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab), which manages the experiment, said: “The fact that DESI works so well, and that the amount of science-grade data it took during survey validation is comparable to previously completed sky surveys, is a monumental achievement.
“This milestone shows that DESI is a unique spectroscopic factory whose data will not only allow the study of dark energy but will also be coveted by the whole scientific community to address other topics, such as dark matter, gravitational lensing, and galactic morphology.”
DESI’s ability
The collaboration has also published a set of papers related to the early data release, which include early measurements of galaxy clustering, studies of rare objects, and descriptions of the instrument and survey operations.
The new papers build on DESI’s first measurement of the cosmological distance scale that was published in April, which used the first two months of routine survey data (not included in the early data release) and also showed DESI’s ability to accomplish its design goals.
DESI uses 5,000 robotic positioners to move optical fibres that capture light from objects millions or billions of light-years away.
It is the most powerful multi-object survey spectrograph in the world, able to measure light from more than 100,000 galaxies in one night.
That light tells researchers how far away an object is, building a 3D cosmic map.
Christophe Yeche, a scientist with the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) who co-leads the target selection group, said: “Survey validation was very important for DESI because it allowed us – before starting the main survey – to adjust our selection of all the objects, including stars, bright galaxies, luminous red galaxies, emission line galaxies, and quasars.
“We’ve been able to optimise our selection and confirm our observation strategy.”
What is dark energy?
As the universe expands, it stretches light’s wavelength, making it redder – a characteristic known as redshift. The further away the galaxy, the bigger the redshift.
DESI specialises in collecting redshifts that can then be used to solve some of astrophysics’ biggest puzzles: what dark energy is; and how it has changed throughout the universe’s history.
While DESI’s primary goal is understanding dark energy, much of the data can also be used in other astronomical studies.
For example, the early data release contains detailed images from some well-known areas of the sky, such as the Hubble Deep Field.
Stephen Bailey, a scientist at Berkeley Lab who leads data management for DESI, said: “There are some well-trodden spots where we’ve drilled down into the sky.
“We’ve taken valuable spectroscopic images in areas that are of interest to the rest of the community, and we’re hoping that other people will take this data and do additional science with it.”
Two interesting finds have already surfaced: Evidence of a mass migration of stars into the Andromeda galaxy, and incredibly distant quasars, the extremely bright and active supermassive black holes sometimes found at the centre of galaxies.
Anthony Kremin, a postdoctoral researcher at Berkeley Lab who led the data processing for the early data release, said: “We observed some areas at very high depth.
“People have looked at that data and discovered very high redshift quasars, which are still so rare that basically any discovery of them is useful.
“Those high-redshift quasars are usually found with very large telescopes, so the fact that DESI – a smaller, four-metre survey instrument – could compete with those larger, dedicated observatories was an achievement we are pretty proud of and demonstrates the exceptional throughput of the instrument.”
Survey validation was also a chance to test the process of transforming raw data from DESI’s ten spectrometers (which split a galaxy’s light into different colours) into useful information.
Laurie Stephey, a data architect at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), the supercomputer that processes DESI’s data, explained: “If you looked at them, the images coming directly from the camera would look like nonsense – like lines on a weird, fuzzy image.
“The magic happens in the processing and the software being able to decode the data.
“It’s exciting that we have the technology to make that data accessible to the research community and that we can support this big question of ‘what is dark energy?’”
Image 1: The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument sits atop the Mayall 4-Meter Telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory. DESI’s early data gathered in 2020 and 2021 is now publicly available. Credit: Marilyn Sargent/ Berkeley Lab.
Image 2: DESI collects spectra, the different frequencies of light that objects in space emit. That light tells researchers how far away the object is, meaning they can create a 3D map of the universe. This spectrum is from an incredibly distant quasar more than 12 billion light-years from Earth. The universe’s expansion has stretched the light’s wavelength and shifted it into the infrared. Credit: Eleanor Downing/ DESI collaboration.
