Welsh ‘weird wonder’ fossils add pieces to the puzzle of arthropod evolution from over 500 million years ago
The most famous fossils from the Cambrian explosion of animal life over half a billion years ago are very unlike their modern counterparts.
These ‘weird wonders’, such as the five-eyed Opabinia with its distinctive frontal proboscis, and the fearsome apex predator Anomalocaris with its radial mouthparts and spiny feeding appendages, have become icons in popular culture. However, they were only quite recently recognised as extinct stages of evolution that are crucial for understanding the origins of one of the largest and most important animal phyla, the arthropods (a group that includes modern crabs, spiders, and millipedes).
Recently published research highlights two new specimens with striking similarities to Opabinia which are described from a new fossil deposit recording life in the Ordovician Period, 40 million years after the Cambrian explosion. This deposit, located in a sheep field near Llandrindod Wells in mid-Wales (UK), was discovered by independent researchers and Llandrindod residents, Dr Joseph Botting and Dr Lucy Muir, honorary research fellows at Amgueddfa Cymru – the National Museum Wales.
The quarry is well known as one of several local sites yielding new species of fossil sponges. Botting said: “When the lockdown started, I thought I’d make one more trip to collect some last sponges before finally writing them up. Of course, that was the day that I found something sticking its tentacles out of a tube instead.”
See also: Three major animal groups’ ancestry found in fossilised armoured worm
Cambrian weird wonders
That was the beginning of an extensive and ongoing investigation that grew into an international collaboration, with lead author Dr Stephen Pates of the University of Cambridge and senior author Dr Joanna Wolfe of the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University.
Among the fossils unearthed so far are two very unexpected leftovers from the Cambrian ‘weird wonders’. Pates met with Botting and Muir to study the specimens using microscopes purchased through crowd-funding to examine the tiny specimens. The larger specimen measured 13mm, while the smaller measured a miniscule 3mm (for comparison Opabinia specimens can be 20 times as long).
Exhaustive studies during this visit revealed additional details in the new specimens. Some of these features are also found in Opabinia, such as triangular, squishy lobopod ‘legs’ for interacting with the sediment, and – in the smaller specimen – a tail fan with blades similar in shape to Opabinia’s recently described sister, Utaurora.
However other features recognised in the material, such as sclerites covering the head as well as the presence of spines on the proboscis, were not known from any opabiniid and instead hinted at possible radiodont (including Anomalocaris) affinities. The differences between the two specimens led the researchers to wonder whether these were due to changes during the growth of one species, or did they instead suggest that two distinct species were present in this new deposit?
The authors describe the new taxon, Mieridduryn bonniae, with the larger specimen designated the holotype. The status of the smaller specimen was left open, reflecting these different possibilities. Wolfe said: “The size of the smaller specimen is comparable to some modern arthropod larvae – we had to take into account this possibility in our analyses.”
welsh animals
The researchers used phylogenetic analyses, comparing the new fossils with 57 other living and fossil arthropods, radiodonts, and panarthropods, to determine their place in the history of arthropod evolution.
Pates said: “The best-supported position for our Welsh specimens, whether considered as one or two species, were more closely related to modern arthropods than to opabiniids. These analyses suggested that Mieridduryn and the smaller specimen were not ‘true’ opabiniids.”
Crucially, these results suggested that a proboscis – thought to represent a fused pair of head appendages – was not unique to opabiniids, but instead was present in the common ancestor of radiodonts and deuteropods (more derived, modern arthropods), and through evolutionary time may have reduced to become the labrum that covers the mouth in modern arthropods. However, the second-best-supported position for these specimens was as true opabiniids, so the authors enquired a bit further to test the robustness of this first result.
Wolfe said: “These Welsh animals are 40 million years younger than Opabinia and Utaurora, so it was important to assess the implications of some features, such as spines on the appendages or a carapace, evolving convergently with radiodonts in our analyses.”
If some, or all, the features shared between the Welsh animals and radiodonts were instead considered to have evolved convergently, the analyses strongly favoured these specimens being considered true opabiniids, the first from outside North America and the youngest by 40 million years.
Whatever the eventual conclusion, the fossils are an important new piece in the arthropod evolutionary jigsaw. These small but scientifically mighty fossils are some of the first findings from this important new Ordovician fauna.
The research is published in Nature Communications.
Image: Artistic reconstruction of the Ordovician fossils Mieridduryn bonniae. Credit: Original artwork by Franz Anthony.
