Even many years after being abandoned, plant diversity of former agricultural sites still needs help compared to undisturbed sites
Agriculture is considered a major disturbance for ecological systems – the recovery of degraded or formally used agricultural land might take a long time.
However, without any active restoration interventions, this recovery can take an exceedingly long time and is often incomplete, as shown by a team of researchers led by the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig University (UL), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg (MLU) and the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ).
Their study sheds light on the recovery process of plants at different scales in former agricultural sites, pointing to specific restoration interventions that could help biodiversity to recovery.
Land use such as transforming natural habitats into agricultural areas is the most important driver for biodiversity loss worldwide. However, one might assume that, given enough time, removal of major anthropogenic disturbances will allow biodiversity to recover.
Ecological restoration is the science and practice of directing and speeding up the recovery of disturbed ecosystems. In accordance with Target 2 of the recently adopted Global Biodiversity Framework of the UN Convention on Biodiversity (CBD), at least 30% of areas of degraded terrestrial, inland water, and coastal and marine ecosystems should be under effective restoration by 2030.
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former agricultural sites
To find out more about this recovery process in former agricultural sites, the researchers measured the recovery of biodiversity and species composition in 17 temperate grasslands in Minnesota (US).
These grasslands were ploughed and used for agriculture, but different fields were abandoned between 1927 and 2015 so that natural succession and recovery of the vegetation could be followed. The researchers compared these abandoned sites to sites that were never ploughed, which acted as a reference for what natural plant systems could look like.
First author Emma Ladouceur from iDiv, MLU and UL, who is also a guest researcher at UFZ, said: “What we wanted to know was how fast and how completely disturbed grasslands can regain their biodiversity if they are left to recover.
“Understanding that recovery process can give us insights into how we can assist and speed it up using restoration.”
The researchers found that even after 80 years, the abandoned fields had not recovered on their own compared to never-ploughed sites. The number of different species in old fields was on average 65% of that in never-ploughed sites.
In addition, the types of plant species that lived at the site recovered over time, but not completely.
When the fields were first recovering, they were colonised by species that were unique to old field sites, like many weedy and disturbance-tolerant species. After some time, many species characteristic of the never disturbed sites colonised and increased through time.
However, across the whole study, there were 63 native species unique to the never-ploughed sites, and the recovering old fields had more introduced grasses and weeds.
species composition
In their study, the researchers focused on the recovery of old fields without any active restoration efforts to promote this process. With the help of this information, restoration actions can be designed to help these systems better recover.
Co-author Stan Harpole, professor at MLU and head of Physiological Diversity at iDiv and UFZ, said: “By looking closely at the recovery of species composition at different scales, we can get a better idea of what species could be targeted in restoration treatments, and how we could help these systems recover best.”
Ladouceur added: “Specific restoration measures could include the seeding or planting of species that we know are not part of the composition of recovering fields, combined with the management of exotic species to reduce competition with native species.”
Senior author Jonathan Chase, professor at MLU and head of Biodiversity Synthesis at iDiv said: “With our study, we show that using valuable and rare data across a long timescale and looking at important spatially-dependent patterns can lead to practical outcomes that are directly relevant for policy.
“For example, our results can be used to provide important context for understanding restoration outcomes and targets as part of international forums such as the recent United Nations Biodiversity Conference (COP15).”
The study is published in Journal of Ecology.
Image: Grassland at Cedar Creek, Minnesota (US) – one of the oldest fields in the upper left, and remnant savanna in lower right. © Forest Isbell.
