Monitoring an ‘anti-greenhouse’ gas in Arctic air
Scientists monitoring dimethyl sulphide, an ‘anti-greenhouse’ gas, in Arctic air say it can play a big part in regulating the Earth’s climate
Data stored in ice cores dating back 55 years bring new insight into atmospheric levels of a molecule that can significantly affect weather and climate.
Dimethyl sulphide (C2H6S) is a small molecule released by phytoplankton in the ocean, which can play a big role in regulating the Earth’s climate. It encourages cloud formation above the sea, and is often called an ‘anti-greenhouse gas’, since clouds block radiation from the sun and lower sea surface temperatures.
At least some blocked heat will be retained in the atmosphere, however, so the effects can be complex.
Researchers at Hokkaido University have charted evidence for increasing dimethyl sulphide emissions linked to the retreat of sea ice from Greenland as the planet warms.
decline in arctic sea ice
Modelling studies have long suggested that the decline in Arctic sea ice could lead to increased dimethyl sulphide emission, but direct evidence for this has been lacking.
Assistant Professor Sumito Matoba and colleagues have inferred dimethyl sulphide levels over 55 years by quantifying the related compound, methane sulfonic acid (MSA), in ice core samples from the south-east Greenland ice sheet.
MSA is directly produced from dimethyl sulphide, serving as a stable record of dimethyl sulphide levels. This process is part of a variety of chemical interactions among aerosols in the atmosphere.
The team, including researchers from Nagoya University and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, reconstructed the annual and seasonal MSA flux from 1960 to 2014, at a monthly resolution. The annual MSA levels decreased from 1960 to 2001, but then markedly increased after 2002.
Matoba said: “We found that July to September MSA fluxes were three to six times higher between 2002 and 2014 than between 1972 and 2001. We attribute this to the earlier retreat of sea ice in recent years.”
crucial
Supporting evidence comes from satellite data that has monitored the levels of the crucial sunlight-absorbing green pigment chlorophyll-a in the surrounding seas.
The chlorophyll-a serves as an indicator of phytoplankton abundance, which in turn should correlate well with the amount of dimethyl sulphide released by the phytoplankton.
Arctic temperatures are rising twice as fast as the global average, and the summer seasonal sea ice extent has declined sharply in recent decades. This increases the amount of light striking the ocean and promotes the growth of phytoplankton.
While the latest results from the Hokkaido team add important confirmation of the changing dimethyl sulphide levels, Matoba emphasised that long-term and continuous monitoring of aerosols is needed.
He said: “This will be essential to follow the current impact, and predict future impacts, of dimethyl sulphide emissions on the global climate.”
The report is published in Communications Earth & Environment.
Top image: Sumito Matoba (left) and Yoshinori Iizuka (right) on the south-eastern dome in Greenland, drilling the ice core used in the study. © Sumito Matoba
Middle image: A contour heat map of Greenland, indicating elevations in the region. The star indicates the south-eastern dome of the Greenland Ice Sheet, where the ice core in this study was collected. ©Yutaka Kurosaki, Sumito Matoba, et al. Communications Earth & Environment. December 26, 2022 (CC BY).
Bottom image: Monthly methane sulfonic acid flux from 1960–1971 (light grey bars), 1972–2001 (dark grey bars), and 2002–2014 (black bars), respectively. Yutaka Kurosaki, Sumito Matoba, et al. Communications Earth & Environment. December 26, 2022 (CC BY).
