An acceleration of global sea level rise is imminent if planetary warming passes 1.8°C according to new research
A study by an international team of scientists shows that an irreversible loss of the West Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets, and a corresponding rapid acceleration of sea level rise, may be imminent if global temperature change cannot be stabilised below 1.8°C, relative to the preindustrial levels.
Coastal populations worldwide are already bracing for rising seas. However, planning for counter-measures to prevent inundation and other damages has been extremely difficult since the latest climate model projections presented in the sixth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) do not agree on how quickly the major ice sheets will respond to global warming.
Melting ice sheets are potentially the largest contributor to sea level change, and historically the hardest to predict because the physics governing their behaviour is notoriously complex.
Study first author, Jun Young Park, a PhD student at the IBS Center for Climate Physics and Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea, said: “Moreover, computer models that simulate the dynamics of the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica often do not account for the fact that ice sheet melting will affect ocean processes, which, in turn, can feed back onto the ice sheet and the atmosphere.”
See also: More detailed picture of Greenland ice sheet emerges
ice sheet/ sea level
Using a new computer model, which captures for the first time the coupling between ice sheets, icebergs, ocean, and atmosphere, the team of climate researchers found that an ice sheet/ sea level run-away effect can be prevented only if the world reaches net zero carbon emissions before 2060.
Co-author Professor Axel Timmermann, director of the IBS Center for Climate Physics, said: “If we miss this emission goal, the ice sheets will disintegrate and melt at an accelerated pace, according to our calculations.
“If we don’t take any action, retreating ice sheets would continue to increase sea level by at least 100cm within the next 130 years.
“This would be on top of other contributions, such as the thermal expansion of ocean water.”
Ice sheets respond to atmospheric and oceanic warming in delayed and often unpredictable ways. Previously, scientists have highlighted the importance of subsurface ocean melting as a key process, which can trigger runaway effects in the major marine-based ice sheets in Antarctica.
“However, according to our supercomputer simulations, the effectiveness of these processes may have been overestimated in recent studies,” co-author Professor June Yi Lee, from the IBS Center for Climate Physics and Pusan National University, explained.
She added: “We see that sea ice and atmospheric circulation changes around Antarctica also play a crucial role in controlling the amount of ice sheet melting with repercussions for global sea level projections.”
The study highlights the need to develop more complex earth system models, which capture the different climate components, as well as their interactions. Furthermore, new observational programmes are needed to constrain the representation of physical processes in Earth system models, in particular from highly active regions, such as Pine Island glacier in Antarctica.
Timmermann said: “One of the key challenges in simulating ice sheets is that even small-scale processes can play a crucial role in the large-scale response of an ice sheet and for the corresponding sea-level projections.
“Not only do we have to include the coupling of all components, as we did in our current study, but we also need to simulate the dynamics at the highest possible spatial resolution using some of the fastest supercomputers.”
The research is published in Nature Communications.
Image: Sea level rise contributions from the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets, and maps of projected 2150 CE Antarctic ice sheet surface elevation following different greenhouse gas emission scenarios (SSP1-1.9, strong emission cuts; SSP2-4.5, medium emission cuts; SSP5-8.5, weak emission cuts). © Institute for Basic Science/ Jun-Young Park.
