An MBL study focused on the sea star discovers the basic toolkit that creates organ development in almost all living organisms
One of the most basic and crucial embryonic processes to unfold in virtually every living organism is the formation of hollow, tubular structures of various kinds.
These tubes may form blood vessels or a digestive tract, and through branching and differentiation, complex organs including the heart, kidneys, and mammary glands.
Abnormalities in these processes can cause congenital disorders such as dysfunctional, displaced, or non-symmetrical organs, as well as regeneration defects in blood vessels or in other regenerative organs.
Despite its fundamental importance, the general mechanisms of hollow tube formation during embryogenesis are not well understood, due to the great diversity of strategies that animals use to form tubular structures.
Enter the sea star, an ancient marine creature whose process of tubulogenesis is relatively easy to study, and which is becoming an important organism for understanding the genetics and mechanics of tube formation.
In the new study, Margherita Perillo of the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL), at the University of Chicago, and collaborators revealed in detail the initiation and early stages of tube formation in the sea star Patiria miniata.
Perillo said: “Most of our organs are tubular, because they need to transport fluids or gases or food or blood. And more complex organs like the heart start as a tube and then develop different structures. So, tubulogenesis is a very basic step to form all our organs.”
She chose the sea star as a research organism: “because I wanted to understand the basic mechanism of tube formation that is conserved across all vertebrates.
“So, I needed an animal that was at the base along the tree of life, [evolving] before the chordates.”
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Sea star larvae
Using CRISPR and other techniques to analyse gene function, as well as long time-lapse movies of the developing sea star larvae, Perillo and colleagues ascertained how this organism generates tubes that branch out from its gut.
Her study defines a basic toolkit from which the chordate tubular organs may have developed. (Chordates include the vertebrates – fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals – and a few invertebrate subphyla).
One open question in biology was exactly how organisms develop from one cell into the complex 3D tubular structures of various organs, Perillo said.
She advised that in some organisms such as flies: “There is a big round of cell proliferation before all the cells start to make very complex migration patterns to elongate, change their shapes, and become a tube.”
In other animals, including mammals, cell proliferation and migration occur together. In the case of the sea star, Perillo said: “I found that, in order for tube formation, cells can proliferate and migrate at the same time,” as they do in vertebrate development.
“So, this means that this mechanism of making organs was already established at the base” or root of the evolution of chordates, she added.
In addition to providing insights into the fundamental process that leads to organ formation, sea stars can serve as a model for much biomedical research, Perillo suggests.
For example, she found that a gene called Six1/2 serves as a key regulator of the branching process in tube formation.
In mice, knocking out Six1/2 causes kidneys to form abnormally. But researchers have found that mice lacking this gene also resist tumour formation, even when injected with tumour cells.
The gene, which is overexpressed in cancer cells, could lead to new ways of studying disease progression, including cancer.
Perillo said: “I can now use this gene to understand not only how our organs develop, but what happens to organs when we have a disease, especially cancer.
“My hope is that, in five to ten years maximum, we will be able to use this gene to test how organs develop cancer and how cancer becomes metastatic.”
Sea star embryos have many practical experimental advantages, Perillo said. They are mostly transparent, so internal growth processes can be directly observed over long developmental periods without harming the organism.
She added that they are also easy to collect and breed in large numbers all year round: “So I always have a lot of material to work with.”
The study is published in Nature Communications.
Image: Sea stars (Patiria miniata) with varied colours and patterns in the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole. Credit: Margherita Perillo.
